Literature and HappinessAccording to long-standing ideas that persist around the globe in numerous cultures, narrative needs to be rooted in conflict and tension. [...]is the protagonist's death necessary here, as it is in "To Build a Fire" and "The Open Boat"? Since the narrative contains all manner of themes about social convention, how to live happily, nonconformity, and other topics—not simply death in the face of the natural world's seeming indifference—it would seemingly not need to end in tragic death. According to poetic tradition and the taste it has shaped, a lyric can be happy in content, theme, imagery, and perspective but still leave satisfied the reader who craves artistic complexity. In the last forty-plus years, pessimism has undoubtedly prevailed as the general platform on which literary scholars stand. Since the late sixties, this critical orientation has taken root deeply in Anglophone literary studies, so predictably, the lyric has proven to be problematic.