Reference
- Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov was born into an impoverished family in the rural village of Ryazan, Russia. He won a government scholarship to the University of St. Petersburg and studied medicine at the Imperial Medical Academy, receiving his degree in 1883. In 1890, Pavlov was appointed to a professorship at the St. Petersburg Military Academy, and a few years later he joined the faculty of the University of St. Petersburg. He organized the Institute of Experimental Medicine in 1895, which was to be his research laboratory for the next 40 years.
In the 1890s, Pavlov investigated the workings of the digestive system, focusing on digestive secretions, using special surgically created openings in the digestive tracts of dogs, a project strongly influenced by the work of an earlier physiologist, Ivan Sechenov (1829– 1905). As a result of this research, Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1904. During his investigations in this area, Pavlov observed that normal, healthy dogs salivate upon seeing their keeper, apparently in anticipation of being fed. This observation led Pavlov, through a systematic series of experiments, to formulate the principles of the conditioned response, which he believed could be applied to humans as well as to animals. According to Pavlov's system, an unconditioned stimulus, such as offering food to a dog, produces a response, or unconditioned reflex, (or an unconditioned response), that requires no training (salivation). In contrast, a normally neutral act, such as ringing a bell, becomes a conditioned stimulus when associated with the offering of food and eventually will produce salivation on its own, but as a conditioned reflex (or conditioned response). According to Pavlov, the conditioned reflex is a physiological phenomenon caused by the creation of new reflexive pathways created in the cortex of the brain by the conditioning process. In further studies of the cortex, Pavlov posited the presence of two important processes that accompany conditioning: excitation, which leads to the acquisition of conditioned responses, and inhibition, which suppresses them. He eventually came to believe that cortical inhibition is an important factor in the sleep process... - Ivan Pavlov-Nobel Prizevan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 at Ryazan, where his father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, was a village priest. He was educated first at the church school in Ryazan and then at the theological seminary there.
Inspired by the progressive ideas which D. I. Pisarev, the most eminent of the Russian literary critics of the 1860’s and I. M. Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and decided to devote his life to science. In 1870 he enrolled in the physics and mathematics faculty to take the course in natural science...
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Perspectives
Ivan Pavlov
Winner of the Pfizer Award from the History of Science Society "Contrary to legend, Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) never trained a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell."So begins this definitive, deeply researched biography of Ivan Pavlov. Daniel P. Todes fundamentally reinterprets the Russian physiologist's famous research on conditional reflexes and weaves his life, values, and science into the tumultuous century of Russian history-particularly that of its intelligentsia-from the reign of tsar Nicholas I to Stalin's time.Ivan Pavlov was born to a family of priests in provincial Riazan before the serfs were emancipated, and made his home and professional success in the booming capital of St. Petersburg in late imperial Russia. He suffered the cataclysmic destruction of his world during the Bolshevik seizure of power and civil war of 1917-21, rebuilt his life in his seventies as a "prosperous dissident" during the Leninist 1920s, and flourished professionally as never before in the 1930s industrialization, revolution, and terror of Stalin times.Using a wide variety of previously unavailable archival materials, Todes tells a vivid story of that life and redefines Pavlov's legacy. Pavlov was not, in fact, a behaviorist who believed that psychology should address only external behaviors; rather, he sought to explain the emotional and intellectual life of animals and humans, "the torments of our consciousness." This iconic "objectivist" was actually a profoundly anthropomorphic thinker whose science was suffused with his own experiences, values, and subjective interpretations.Todes's story of this powerful personality and extraordinary man is based upon interviews with surviving coworkers and family members (along with never-before-analyzed taped interviews from the 1960s and 1970s), examination of hundreds of scientific works by Pavlov and his coworkers, and close analysis of materials from some twenty-five archives. The materials range from the records of his student years at Riazan Seminary to the transcripts of the Communist Party cells in his labs, and from his scientific manuscripts and notebooks to his political speeches; they include revealing love letters to his future wife and correspondence with hundreds of scholars, artists, and Communist Party leaders; and memoirs by many coworkers, his daughter, his wife, and his lover.The product of more than twenty years of research, this is the first scholarly biography of the physiologist to be published in any language.
Lectures on conditioned reflexes
Twenty-five years of objective study of the higher nervous activity (behaviour) of animals, translated from the Russian by W. H. Gantt with the collaboration of G. Volborth and an introduction by W. B. Cannon.--v.2. Conditioned reflexes and psychiatry, translated and edited by W. H. Gantt.
Ivan Pavlov
Hailed as the "Prince of World Physiology," Ivan Pavlov continues to influence scientists today. His pioneering research on digestion, the brain, and behavior still provides important insights into the minds of animals--including humans--and is an inspiring example of imaginative experimental technique. Pavlov graduated from the theological seminary in his native Ryazan, Russia, in 1869 but almost immediately switched to medicine and enrolled at St. Petersburg University. He became interested in the physiology of circulation and digestion, which led him to the study of conditional and unconditional reflexes. He conducted thousands of experiments with dogs, developing a way to use a dogs salivary glands as a window through which to observe the workings of its brain.Pavlov lived through the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed it. Lenin himself recognized his genius and provided financial backing for his research; the new Soviet government built a research complex dedicated exclusively to his experiments. Pavlov was honored for his contributions to science with the Nobel Prize for Physiology in 1904.Oxford Portraits in Science is an ongoing series of scientific biographies for young adults. Written by top scholars and writers, each biography examines the personality of its subject as well as the thought process leading to his or her discoveries. These illustrated biographies combine accessible technical information with compelling personal stories to portray the scientists whose work has shaped our understanding of the natural world.
Psychopathology and Psychiatry
Pavlov's fundamental theory of higher nervous activity concerns the adaptation to changing external environments of organisms such as dogs, apes, and humans. In the 1920s, Pavlov and his disciples used laboratory experimentation to study the etiology and therapy of neuroses In human beings and other species. Later, In the 1930s, Pavlov devoted much time and effort to the systematic study of psychopathology In clinical settings. Psychopathology and Psychiatry is Pavlov's little-known series of descriptions of these experiments and findings. Pavlov used two fundamental approaches In the study of neuroses and psychoses: the conditioned salivary reflex method, with dogs as subjects; and the observation of neurotic and psychotic behavior In humans. Pavlov was primarily Interested In how the cortex worked to facilitate the orgaftilsm's adaptation to the external environment. The conditioned reflex findings were explained In terms of hypothetical physiological processes. Pavlov was certain that dogs' Inability to adapt flexibly was the result of conflicts and traumatic experiences. Soon thereafter, he linked these discoveries to actual human cases of neuroses and psychoses. These are covered In this volume. In a new introduction to this classic text, George Windholz traces Pavlov's scholarly and scientific life, highlighting his various studies and results under stressful political and pedagogical conditions. Psychopathology and Psychiatry continues to be a highly significant work of scientific study. Psychologists, psychiatrists, and behavioral researchers of all professional persuasions will find this work to be essential reading.
Pavlov's Dog
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In the early 20th century, society, government, and academia pushed psychology away from abstract theories to the experimental realm. Ivan Pavlov established the concept of conditional reflexes through trials with salivating dogs. Behaviorism asserts that free will is an illusion; genetic and environmental factors determine behavior.
Pavlov's Principles of Learning
- Films on Demand This link opens in a new windowPavlov's principles of learning include higher order conditioning, also called second order conditioning. This principle helps explain the development of childhood fears.
Ivan Pavlov: Famous People, Incredible Lives
- Films on Demand This link opens in a new windowIvan Pavlov lived from 1849-1936. The first Russian Nobel Prize winner and physiologist believed science gave happiness to humankind. In this Film Ideas video, explore Pavlov's early life, education, romantic life, and scientific career.
Online Resources
- Ivan P. Pavlov: An overview of his life and psychological work.Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936), while studying in the 1860s at the Ria zan' Ecclesiastic Seminary, was profoundly influenced by Russian translations of Western natural science literature, especially that with strong Darwinian overtones, and he abandoned a career in the church. He became a professor of physiology in 1895 at the Imperial Military-Medical Academy in St. Petersburg, where he did research on the digestive process (for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904). Starting in 1901 and for the next 35 years, Pavlov, using primarily the salivary reflex conditioning method, systematically accumulated experimental results that were sufficient to formulate the theory of higher nervous activity, which described the functions of the brain in complex organisms' adjustment to a changing external environment. Essentially a psychological theory, it encompassed innately determined instincts, temperament types, the acquisition of knowledge and adjustive patterns in terms of a dynamic stereotype, the nature of language, the characteristics of old age, and the etiology of neuroses and psychoses. Pavlov's international reputation as a scientist most likely enabled him to be critical of the Bolshevik regime and to publicly defend human rights and academic freedom in the Soviet Union.
- Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849–1936)Most papers studying emotional learning and motion-related disorders are mainly based on the experiments performed by the famous Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov more than a century ago. Nowadays, we reflexively link his name to a dinging bell and a drooling dog, although he never trained a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell [8]. Our brains have been conditioned with the myth, as stated
by George Johnson in The New York Times (December, 2014). However, this is just a very small fraction of Pavlov’s researches and his life. - The Nobel Prize award in physiology to Ivan Petrovich Pavlov - 1904.Ivan Petrovich Pavlov received the 1904 Nobel Prize for work on the physiology of digestion which led him to discover conditioned reflexes. His prototypical example was a hungry dog’s starting to salivate on hearing a bell after repeatedly having heard it ring previously just before food appeared. He investigated such reflexes in dogs from 1898 until 1930 and suggested that human language might be seen as long chains of conditioned reflexes involving words. Pavlov’s classical conditioning complemented the finding of instrumental (operant) conditioning by his Russian contemporary Bechterev which was elaborated by B.F. Skinner in the US and the habituation principles he observed were subsequently extended by Sokolov, another Russian.
Introduction: Function of the Brain
- Films on Demand This link opens in a new windowPhysiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov created the studies that will be shown in the following footage. Read about Pavlov's career and education before seeing several images of him at work.