Trends in Biodiversity, PlantsPlant species are essential for life on earth. Through the process of photosynthesis, green plants containing chlorophyll capture energy from the sun and create carbohydrates, the basis of all food chains. In the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is absorbed and oxygen released into the atmosphere. These processes are so fundamental in ecosystem functioning that the importance of plants is often overlooked. In effect plants are essential engines in the cycling of all nutrients on earth. They also play a fundamental role in the water cycle and in controlling climatic conditions. With the profound changes, brought about during the Anthropocene, plant diversity is being radically altered and destroyed. The implications of this are not fully understood scientifically, politically, economically, or culturally.
In addition to plants, other organisms that contain chlorophyll include cyanobacteria and algae. True plants consist of bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts), pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies), gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants), and angiosperms (flowering plants). These groups, excluding bryophytes, are vascular plants. As well as their roles in nutrient and water cycling, plants provide a wide range of other ecosystem goods and services. Arguably tree species, which account for about 25% of vascular plant species, are of disproportionate ecological importance as a component of plant diversity. Trees provide the structural framework of forests which support over half the world's terrestrial biodiversity and contain approximately 50% of terrestrial carbon stocks (Newton et al., 2015).