Cancer: Overview of Types, Symptoms, & Treatments: Gynecological Cancers

Combined oral contraceptives are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a cause of cervical cancer. As the incidence of cervical cancer increases with age, the public-health implications of this association depend largely on the persistence of effects long after use of oral contraceptives has ceased. Information from 24 studies worldwide is pooled here to investigate the association between cervical carcinoma and pattern of oral contraceptive use. Methods: Individual data for 16 573 women with cervical cancer and 35 509 without cervical cancer were reanalysed centrally. Relative risks of cervical cancer were estimated by conditional logistic regression, stratifying by study, age, number of sexual partners, age at first intercourse, parity, smoking, and screening. Findings: Among current users of oral contraceptives the risk of invasive cervical cancer increased with increasing duration of use (relative risk for 5 or more years' use versus never use, 1·90 [95% CI 1·69-2·13]). The risk declined after use ceased, and by 10 or more years had returned to that of never users. A similar pattern of risk was seen both for invasive and in-situ cancer, and in women who tested positive for high-risk human papillomavirus. Relative risk did not vary substantially between women with different characteristics. Interpretation: The relative risk of cervical cancer is increased in current users of oral contraceptives and declines after use ceases. 10 years' use of oral contraceptives from around age 20 to 30 years is estimated to increase the cumulative incidence of invasive cervical cancer by age 50 from 7·3 to 8·3 per 1000 in less developed countries and from 3·8 to 4·5 per 1000 in more developed countries.

Nivolumab is a human monoclonal antibody against the immune checkpoint receptor programmed death‐1, inhibiting binding to programmed death‐ligand 1 or 2 (PD‐L1 or PD‐L2). This phase 2 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of nivolumab in patients with advanced/recurrent uterine cervical cancer, uterine corpus cancer, or soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Patients received nivolumab 240 mg at 2‐week intervals. Primary endpoint was objective response rate; secondary endpoints included overall survival, progression‐free survival, and safety. PD‐L1 expression and microsatellite‐instability (MSI) status were analyzed as potential efficacy biomarkers. Objective response rate was 25%, 23%, and 0% in patients with cervical cancer (n = 20), corpus cancer (n = 22), and STS (n = 21), respectively.

Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis, with just 40% of patients surviving 5 years. We designed this trial to establish the effect of early detection by screening on ovarian cancer mortality. Methods In this randomised controlled trial, we recruited postmenopausal women aged 50–74 years from 13 centres in National Health Service Trusts in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Exclusion criteria were previous bilateral oophorectomy or ovarian malignancy, increased risk of familial ovarian cancer, and active non-ovarian malignancy. The trial management system confirmed eligibility and randomly allocated participants in blocks of 32 using computer-generated random numbers to annual multimodal screening (MMS) with serum CA125 interpreted with use of the risk of ovarian cancer algorithm, annual transvaginal ultrasound screening (USS), or no screening, in a 1:1:2 ratio.

Diagnosed with ovarian cancer, iron-willed journalist Sheng Nan (“Surpass Men” in Chinese) is pressured to make a quick fortune and find mind-blowing sex before the costly surgery numbs her senses. Taking on a businessman’s biography writing job, she hikes into the misty mountains, where a chain of outbursts with her dysfunctional family, grumpy client, misogynistic co-worker and dreamlike romantic interest hilariously unfold. As deeply moving as it is luminously witty, writer-director Teng Congcong’s debut waltzes across the bitterness swallowed by her generation of women born under China’s One Child Policy, unprecedentedly burdened to “surpass men” while trying not to be “leftover women” at the same time. Saluting the 18th-century Chinese literature classic Dream of the Red Chamber in its title, the enchanting gem refreshes the novel's transcendent contemplation on desire, death and womanhood from a modern cinematic perspective.

Gynecologic cancer survivor Jenny Allen urges women to see a doctor if they have symptoms that last longer that two weeks. She explains how her symptoms led to a diagnosis of uterine and ovarian cancers and her treatment. A Production of the CDC and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).

One of the deadliest forms of cancer, ovarian cancer is also one of the few cancers for which genetic testing can determine a person's susceptibility. This episode explores the challenges faced by a woman balancing the opportunity to know her genetic profile with only limited diagnostic testing and sometimes radical treatment options available.

In years past cervical cancer was not seen as a serious public health problem, but today it is recognized as the second most common cancer worldwide among women between 14 and 44 years old, and the third leading cancer-related cause of death. Epidemiology is also pertinent in view of cervical cancer’s link to STD (sexually transmitted disease) transmission. Since 1999 human papillomavirus, or HPV, has been considered the main cause of cervical cancer. What methods does medical science offer for effectively identifying HPV? Can we someday expect more effective, more efficient ways to detect its presence? Indeed, will we eventually be able to prevent cervical cancer altogether with the arrival of more and more sophisticated technologies? This program shows how advances in molecular biology and high throughput gene expression profiling have heralded a new era in the identification of molecular targets related to cancer initiation and development. Contains surgical scenes of a graphic nature.