Reference
- Bladder CancerDefinition
Bladder cancer develops in the tissues of the urinary bladder, an organ located in the front of the pelvis that collects and stores urine. The bladder consists of elastic tissue that contains a muscular layer and forms a sac. The lining of the bladder is composed of long, thin cells called transitional cells, which form a protective layer to prevent urine from penetrating underlying bladder tissue. The majority of bladder cancers arise in these transitional cells and then may grow into the wall of the bladder.
Demographics
Bladder cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer of the urinary tract. In the United States, it is the fourth most common cancer in men and the ninth most common cancer in women. The frequency of bladder cancer increases with advancing age; 80% of patients diagnosed with bladder cancer are between the ages of 50 and 80. Seventy percent of bladder cancers in men and 75% of bladder cancers in women occur in those over age 65. Men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with bladder cancer. One in 30 men is diagnosed with bladder cancer compared with one in 90 women. Men also are more likely to die from the disease than are women.
- Credo Reference This link opens in a new window
This link opens in a new window
This link opens in a new window
Credo Reference is an easy-to-use tool for starting research. Gather background information on your topic from hundreds of full-text encyclopedias, dictionaries, thesauri, quotations, and subject-specific titles, as well as 500,000+ images and audio files and over 1,000 videos.
Perspectives
Bladder Cancer
Bladder Cancer is designed for researchers and clinicians involved in urologic practice, including urologists, medical oncologists, pathologists and radiologists. It provides comprehensive guidance for treating and understanding bladder cancer and serves as an up-to-date reference reflecting evidence-based research. The biological behavior of this disease entity shows a heterogeneous pattern with diverse morbidity and mortality depending on a variety of factors, such as tumor characteristics (tumor stage, grade, size, number, shape, and histologic subtypes) and applied treatment modalities (surgery or non-surgical management). This book presents the substantial academic developments in the field of bladder cancer in one convenient reference. Presents a comprehensive overview of the basic and translational research into bladder cancer Provides the established guidelines for bladder cancer in real clinical practice and relevant evidence-based research Saves academic, medical and cancer researchers time in quickly accessing the very latest details on bladder cancer, as opposed to searching through multiple sources Assists academic clinicians in understanding the importance of the breakthroughs that are contributing to advances in bladder cancer research
Bladder Cancer
In Bladder Cancer: Moving the Field Forward, Cheryl Lee, David Wood, and a panel of leading authorities and researchers provide a comprehensive review of the related literature, while providing insights into the obstacles of improved survival and discuss methods to advance the field of Bladder Cancer care. Their work aims to spur innovative thoughts and approaches to common problems in the management of early stage and advanced disease. The book discusses at length the state of bladder cancer staging and the optimal treatment for localized disease. Additional sections review the applications of existing systemic therapies and look at the infrastructure needed to support translational research efforts. Groundbreaking and authoritative, Bladder Cancer: Moving the Field Forward, is the definitive text on the current state of bladder cancer care and a must have for all urologists and medical oncologists who wish to provide their patients with the most comprehensive care.
Bladder Tumors
Bladder cancer is a common cancer of the urinary tract. It is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death among men and the seventh among women. Clinical management of bladder cancer is challenging because of the heterogeneity among bladder tumors with respect to invasion and metastasis, frequent occurrence of new tumors in the bladder among patients treated with bladder preservation treatments and poor prognosis of patients with tumors that invade the bladder muscle and beyond. Due to these factors it has been said that the cost per patient of bladder cancer, from diagnosis to death is the highest of all cancers. In addition to it being a significant health problem, bladder cancer is an interesting cancer to study in many ways than one. For example, Environmental factors such as cigarette smoking and other carcinogens play a major role in the development of transitional carcinoma of the bladder, whereas, schitosomasis, a protozoan infection results in squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Different molecular pathways with distinct molecular signatures appear to be involved in the development of low-grade versus high-grade bladder tumors. Currently being monitored by an invasive endoscopic procedure, cystectomy, with urine cytology as an adjunct, bladder cancer is at the forefront of developing cancer biomarkers for non-invasive detection. Due to the differences in the invasive and metastatic potential of bladder tumors, treatment options differ depending upon tumor grade and stage. New advances are being made in treatment options to improve the outcome and quality of life for patients with bladder cancer. Similarly, new molecular nomograms are being discovered to predict treatment outcome so that individualized treatment options can be offered to patients.
Bladder Cancer
Cancer of the bladder has a bad reputation: the combination of urinary problems and malignancy gives just cause for continuing concern. Not only is this common cancer a burden to the patient but, because of the need for regular follow-up, it creates a large workload on the urological services. It might be imagined that the bladder would give early warning signals of disease, and indeed it may do so; yet it can also be hesitant to reveal its severity. Thus there are many problems that create challenges in the diagnosis and management. Prevention is still the first goal of an oncologist, with early detection of early disease being the next best option. Early bladder cancer is amenable to several therapeutic approaches, but we have still to determine the best approach. The management of more advanced invasive bladder cancer all too often leads to disappointment, and we remain uncertain as to the optimum approach-surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or some combination of these. Although none of these problems may be fully answered either now or in the near future, many people are working towards their solution, and the rate of progress needs to be documented from time to time. This volume aims to set the standard for the present state of our knowledge on bladder cancer. The editors, Professor Ernst Zingg and Mr'. Michael Wallace, have gathered together the best opinions on a wide range of topics relating to bladder cancer.
Bladder Cancer
Bladder Cancer: Diagnosis and Clinical Management is a 100% clinically-focused guide to bladder cancer, providing practical, modern and evidence-based guidance to the latest in diagnosis and management of the condition. It differs from other books in its complete clinical focus as opposed to a heavy analysis of pathogenesis or basic science. As a result, practicing urologists and oncologists in the clinical setting will find it an essential resource to consult. In addition to the latest in diagnostic tools and imaging methods, core focus is on the management of each form of cancer at its various stages with up to date genomic data and targeted therapies. Both drug therapies and the range of surgical options are covered, ensuring that this is the perfect tool for clinicians to consult when considering which type of management program is appropriate for each individual patient. A key addition is the final section dedicated to optimizing health care delivery, featuring chapters on highly topical issues such as quality of life, patient advocacy and surgical education. Full color throughout, and packed with excellent images, each chapter contains concise and didactic practical tips and tricks to enrich the reading experience, in addition to management algorithms and the very latest guidelines from the ASCO, AUA, ESMO and EAU concerning clinical management of bladder cancer.
Bladder Cancer: Treatment
- Films on Demand This link opens in a new window
Treatment relates to the extent of the bladder cancer. Learn what some of these treatments are. Smoking is the primary risk factor for bladder cancer.
Blue Light Saves Young Bladder Cancer Patient
- Films on Demand This link opens in a new windowNearly 80,000 new cases of bladder cancer are expected to be diagnosed this year. A new fluorescent technology now makes the cancer cells light up, making it easier to catch and treat the disease.
Subtle Signs of Bladder Cancer
- Films on Demand This link opens in a new windowBladder cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer. If it's caught early, it's treatable, but the signs can be harder to detect than you may think.
Online Resources
- Bladder cancerBladder cancer is a complex disease associated with high morbidity and mortality rates if not treated optimally. Awareness of haematuria as the major presenting symptom is paramount, and early diagnosis with individualised treatment and follow-up is the key to a successful outcome. For non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the mainstay of treatment is complete resection of the tumour followed by induction and maintenance immunotherapy with intravesical BCG vaccine or intravesical chemotherapy. For muscle-invasive bladder cancer, multimodal treatment involving radical cystectomy with neoadjuvant chemotherapy offers the best chance for cure. Selected patients with muscle-invasive tumours can be offered bladder-sparing trimodality treatment consisting of transurethral resection with chemoradiation. Advanced disease is best treated with systemic cisplatin-based chemotherapy; immunotherapy is emerging as a viable salvage treatment for patients in whom first-line chemotherapy cannot control the disease. Developments in the past 2 years have shed light on genetic subtypes of bladder cancer that might differ from one another in response to various treatments.
- Bladder Cancer: A ReviewBladder cancer is a common malignancy in women and is the fourth most common malignancy in men. Bladder cancer ranges from unaggressive and usually noninvasive tumors that recur and commit patients to long-term invasive surveillance, to aggressive and invasive tumors with high disease-specific mortality. OBSERVATIONS: Advanced age, male sex, and cigarette smoking contribute to the development of bladder cancer. Bladder tumors can present with gross or microscopic hematuria, which is evaluated with cystoscopy and upper tract imaging depending on the degree of hematuria and risk of malignancy. Non–muscle-invasive tumors are treated with endoscopic resection and adjuvant intravesical therapy, depending on the risk classification. Enhanced cystoscopy includes technology used to improve the detection of tumors and can reduce the risk of recurrence. Patients with high-risk non–muscle invasive tumors that do not respond to adjuvant therapy with the standard-of-care immunotherapy, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), constitute a challenging patient population to manage and many alternative therapies are being studied. For patients with muscle-invasive disease, more aggressive therapy with radical cystectomy and urinary diversion or trimodal therapy with maximal endoscopic resection, radiosensitizing chemotherapy, and radiation is warranted to curb the risk of metastasis and disease-specific mortality. Treatment of patients with advanced disease is undergoing rapid changes as immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapies, and antibody-drug conjugates have become options for certain patients with various stages of disease. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Improved understanding of the molecular biology and genetics of bladder cancer has evolved the way localized and advanced disease is diagnosed and treated. While intravesical BCG has remained the mainstay of therapy for intermediate and high-risk non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the therapeutic options for muscle-invasive and advanced disease has expanded to include immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibition, targeted therapies, and antibody-drug conjugates.
Bladder Cancer
- Films on Demand This link opens in a new windowOne in five people who have blood in their urine are diagnosed with bladder cancer. A man undergoes a procedure that looks at his bladder.