How the Fire Department of New York Changed After 9/11On Sept. 11, 2001, the Fire Department of New York City (FDNY) was transformed in a matter of minutes. It took three months to extinguish the flames at the World Trade Center, and all the while, the FDNY was preparing for the possibility of other attacks, tending to New York City’s ongoing daily needs, and mourning the loss of 343 colleagues, including many officers and several members of top leadership. In the months and years to come, the organization took a hard look at itself and converted an unspeakable tragedy into an occasion for learning and changing, ultimately transforming from an effective yet dated firefighting force to a modern emergency management and response organization. This piece offer lessons on leading through hard times, drawn from a five-year research project on the FDNY’s transformation.