Reference
- INTERNAL MIGRATIONWhile large numbers of New England farming families joined the migrant streams to western New York and the midwestern states, others migrated much shorter distances to the region's rapidly growing urban centers. Between 1810 and 1860, the proportion of New Englanders living in cities increased from 7 to 36 percent. Single men and women commonly migrated to mill towns or larger, commercial cities to work for a number of years. Many married and remained in these cities rather than return to their rural hometowns. Still other rural families gave up their farms and migrated together to cities. This internal migration was far shorter than the move to new lands in the West but made an equally significant contribution to the changing character of American life in the nineteenth century.
The years between 1910 and 1930 saw a mass movement of southern black farmers, sharecroppers, and farm laborers to the urban North. This migration built upon earlier precedents. With emancipation, large numbers of freedmen and women had moved to reunite families separated under slavery. Moreover, with the end of Reconstruction, there had been a sizable black exodus to Kansas beginning in the late 1870s and to Oklahoma in the 1890s. In the twentieth century, the lure of higher wages in the North, economic setbacks in the South, and the sting of growing racial discrimination motivated what came to be known as the Great Migration. New opportunities for blacks in northern industry during the labor shortages of World War I attracted 400,000 black migrants during the war period. The attraction did not abate at war's end, however, as more than 600,000 southern blacks migrated north in the 1920s...
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Perspectives
Multi-Unit Housing in Urban Cities
This book investigates the development of multi-unit housing typologies that were predominant in a particular city from the 1800s to present day. It emphasises the importance of understanding the direct connection between housing and dwelling in the context of a city, and the manner in which the city is an instructional indication of how a housing typology is embodied. The case studies presented offer an insight into why a certain housing type flourished in a specific city and the variety span across cities in the world where distinct housing types have prevailed. It also pursues how housing types developed, evolved, and helped define the city, looks into how dwellers inhabited their dwellings, and analyses how the housing typologies correlates in a contemporary context. The typologies studied are back-to-backs in Birmingham; tenements in London; Haussmann Apartment in Paris; tenements in New York; tong lau in Hong Kong; perimeter block, linear block, and block-edge in Berlin; perimeter block and solitaire in Amsterdam; space-enclosing structure in Beijing; micro house in Tokyo, and high-rise in Toronto.
Population Persistence and Migration in Rural New York, 1855-1860
This title, first published in 1989, explores the population change in America during the 1800s by closely examining frontier settlement, urbanisation, and depopulation and emigration from rural areas of the north-eastern United States. Population Persistence and Migration in Rural New York, 1855-1860 will be of interest to students of history and human geography.
Skyscrapers and Steel Forge the Modern City
- Skyscrapers and Steel Forge the Modern CityAmericans conquer a new frontier: the modern city, with Carnegie's empire of steel as its backbone. Skyscrapers and the Statue of Liberty are symbols of the American Dream for millions of immigrants.
Play Video Big Cities: The Underbelly Revealed
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The huge growth of cities was a hallmark of the Gilded Age. Study the forces leading to massive urbanization, such as industrialization, migration and immigration, and revolutionary technologies. Then track the serious social problems that resulted, from crime and disease to political corruption, which spurred intense scrutiny from reformers.
City Life
- Kanopy This link opens in a new windowAmerican cities were often badly planned and became overcrowded with ethnic and linguistic neighborhoods. Cities were severely polluted with smoke and ash; contaminated water supplies, poor sanitation, and large numbers of horses worsened public health conditions and shortened life expectancy. Reformers tried to Americanize urban immigrants and campaigned for city government reform.
Online Articles
- SHELTER FROM THE STORM: HOUSING AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, 1550–1909Housing was a major item of English consumer expenditure. Yet little is known of its average quality or rental cost. I estimate average rents, constant-quality rents, and housing quality from 1550 to 1909. Constant-quality rents rose substantially relative to other costs of living during the Industrial Revolution. This probably explains why, despite rising real wages, housing quality appears to have declined from 1760 to 1860. There were, however, substantial quality gains in the eighteenth century prior to the Industrial Revolution. The implications of these new series for measurement of growth during the Industrial Revolution are briefly explored.
- Coal fires, fresh air and the hardy British: A historical view of domestic energy efficiency and thermal comfort in BritainFuel poverty has been most commonly researched in the UK although it is experienced in other parts of Europe, to varying degrees. Boardman (1991) showed that energy inefficient buildings and heating systems are the most significant components of fuel poverty and highlighted the legacy of older buildings in this country that remain the majority of those now recognised as hard to treat. This paper considers the historical context for fuel poverty as a particularly British phenomenon. It examines claims that this is due to the mild climate and low indoor temperature expectations. It is concluded that there are significant differences from the European situation. The climate, particularly its characteristic changeability, has influenced building and heating methods, and the low priority given to energy efficiency by legislators. Significantly, economic priorities produced poor quality mass housing during the industrial revolution. The availability of coal encouraged the use of open fires, which demanded high ventilation rates.
European Urbanization and Emigration
- Kanopy This link opens in a new windowBy 1910, the population of Europe had tripled-and this expanding population provided manufacturers with a growing base of consumers to whom they could market goods. Professor Harreld uses 19th-century Paris as the perfect example of how a city handles (and mishandles) rapid urbanization and a huge influx of immigrants.